Introduction and Objective: In a proper planning of the forest sector, the preparation of quantitative and qualitative maps is a management requirement and is unavoidable for sustainable development. For this effective planning, the latest information on the types of characteristics that are important in decisions regarding the optimal use and protection of forests are needed. This study conducted in order to the modelling spatial estimation of some quantitative characteristics forest using topographic features and its spatial mapping in District-3 of Sangdeh Forests. Material and Methods: Characteristics of number, basal area and volume per hectare were calculated by surveying 150 sample plots (1000 m2). Primary topographic features of altitude, slope, aspect, profile curvature, flat curvature and tangential curvature and secondary topographic features including wetness index and solar radiation were extracted from digital elevation model with 10m resolution. Then, the relationships between forest quantitative characteristics and topographic features were analyzed and modeled using non-parametric method random forest, support vector machine and also parametric multiple linear regressions. Models were evaluated using 30% of the samples. Results: Bias and root mean square error percentages were calculated to select the appropriate model and the results showed that the support vector machine method had the best results for estimating all three measured characteristics. In estimating number per hectare, the polynomial-3 function with mean square error values and skewness is RMSE = 9. 59 and Bias = 1. 62, ground cover with radial base function (RBF) and values of 53. 5, respectively. 30% RMSE and 1. 32-=% Bias and volume per hectare with polynomial function of third degree and values of RMSE = 37. 62 and Bias =-0. 51 were selected as the most appropriate model. The results also showed that the topographic variables of aspect, altitude, solar radiation and tangential curvature had the most influence on the modeling process. Conclusion: The selected model in this study was able to provide some of the necessary information for forest management, but the model alone cannot explain all the reasons affecting the characteristics, so it is recommended to combine other factors such as climatic conditions, latitude, geology, and remote sensing techniques, which play a major role in explanation and interpretation, to improve the accuracy of the forecast.

Topographic masses above the geoid are considered as a major obstacle in geoid determination by using Global Gravitational Models (GGMs). GGMs provide the possibility of the Earth's potential field modeling as the expansion of the external-type series of spherical harmonics. Applying the external expansion to obtain disturbing potential on the geoid within the topographic masses will cause a bias called „ topographic bias‟ . This study deals with calculating geoidal height using Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM08). In order to do so, two methods of Direct Analytical Continuation one and Rapp's Indirect one are utilized. The Analytical Continuation Approach is based on using EGM08 within the topographic masses and applying topographic bias. Alternatively, Rapp‟ s Approach is based on calculating height anomaly and its downward continuation on the geoid. The success of these two methods to geoid simulation on 490 GPS-Levelling stations in mountainous region of Colorado in the USA were evaluated. The results are an indicator of the fact that two methods are compatible with each other with centimetric accuracy compared to GPS-Levelling points. Also, it suggests an improvement in the relative and absolute accuracy of the geoidal height resulting from EGM08 about 60% in both methods. The numerical investigation revealed that taking advantage of height harmonic models instead of point actual height can bring a bias in the matter of a few centimeters on the geoid. Moreover, the absolute accuracy of Rapp's Approach is higher than Analytical Continuation Approach in geoid determination in comparison GPS-Levelling points.

Introduction: For many years, it has been emphasized on the role of attentional bias in addiction-related disorders, including its role in craving and relapse. This reseasrch aimed to investigate, the effectiveness of attentional bias modification on attention bias, pre-attentional bias and craving in abstinent addicts. Methods: Three groups (control, attentional bias modification and attentional bias modification with reinforcement and punishment) in three phases (pre-test, post-test, and follow up) assessed in attentional bias, pre-attentional bias, and craving. During the pretest and post-test, the control group received placebo training, while the second group received attentional bias modification training, and the third group received attentional bias modification training with reinforcement and punishment, respectively. To measure attentional bias, pre-attentional bias, and interventions, and to measure craving Dotprobe task test and Brief Substance Craving Scale were used respectively. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant difference between three groups in attentional bias in post-test and follow-up, the pre-attentional bias in post-test, and craving in the post-test. The control group obtained a higher score in pre-attentional bias than two experimental groups in the pre-attentional bias in follow up and attentional bias modification with reinforcement and punishment group obtained a lower score in craving than two other groups in craving in follow up. Conclusion: It seems that adding reinforcement and punishment to the classical intervention of attentional bias modification can lead to improving the effectiveness of this intervention. Besides, interventions based on attention bias modification are efficient interventions.

Purpose: To evaluate corneal topographic changes and induced corneal astigmatism after scleral buckling surgery. Methods: As an interventional case series, patients referred to us from February to November 2002, with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were scheduled for scleral buckling surgery. The exclusion criteria were: history of pervious scleral buckling, any corneal disease visible on slit lamp biomicroscopy, and any ophthalmic operation in the previous 6 months. According to the extent of surgery, the patients were divided into 4 groups: A) 3600 encircling band + buckling, B) segmental buckling + encircling band, C) radial buckling, and D) local circumferential buckling. Videokeratography was done for all patients before, and then one and 3 months after scleral buckling. Corneal astigmatism, mean keratometry, SRI (surface regulatory index), SAl (surface asymmetry index), PVA (potential visual acuity) were evaluated at each visit. Results: From 56 patients enrolled in this study, 39 patients completed follow up. There were 29 (74.4%) males and 10 (25.6%) females with mean age of 50.35±20years. The patients consisted of 3 (7.65%) in group A, 30 (76.92%) in group B, 4 (10.25%) in group C, and 2 (10.25%) in group D. Statistically significant differences regarding SRI, SAl, PVA (in Log MAR) from baseline measurements were observed in all patients at one and 3 months postoperatively. In spite of increasing corneal astigmatism, there were no statistically significant differences in mean keratometry after scleral buckling surgery. In group B, the results were the same as overall results. In groups A, C, and D the above variables were increased postoperatively. Conclusion: Irregular astigmatism is induced after scleral buckling surgery that remains up to 3 months. It is one of the important causes of decreased visual acuity postoperatively.

Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) provides images of the electrical properties of subsurface materials leading to the distinction of different Earth’s interior structures. The accuracy of electrical resistance imaging is strongly affected by the topographical variations so that the lack of incorporation of topography information into the inversion process may produce erroneous anomalies in the resistivity section. Owing to the significance of the topography effects on the resistivity measurements, we use a Schwarz-Christoffel transformation approach to incorporate the irregular surface into the 2.5-dimensional forward solution in the framework of the finite difference method. This approach is implemented on synthetic cases to illustrate how the resistivity measurements are dependent on the topographic irregularities. Numerical experiments demonstrate that in the presence of topographic features between current and potential electrodes, the resistivity response does not reflect the realistic resistivity values of the subsurface even in the case of a homogeneous resistivity distribution.

This study uses the phenomenological approach of place to study the place in the contemporary era, which has been portrayed by New Topography artists. This style of photography, according to human function in nature in the contemporary world, was able to reveal facts about the destruction of the earth and proved its position as an applied photography. Given the need for this method of photography in contemporary art, this study seeks to respond to the characteristics of place in this style of photography using the theoretical framework of place phenomenology from the perspective of Norberg-Schulz. The assumption that this method of photography has a phenomenological and critical view of the environment has given new meanings to it. This research explores these meanings through analytical and descriptive methods. It seems that New Topography in photography is a reflection of the anonymity and sense of the place in the contemporary era, and artists have linked the art of photography to the history of the place by recording the place of contemporary man through exploring the destruction of the environment.

Methods: This study was performed on 300 eyes of 150 relatives of 45 KCN patients. Complete slit lamp examination, refraction, and corneal topography was performed on all eyes. The topographic indices for diagnosis of keratoconus was based on Rabinowitz criteria. Results: The study included 84 (56%) female and 66 (44%) male subjects. Mean age was 32.4±15 years (range, 16-83). KCN was detected in 14% of the subjects and 7.3% were diagnosed as KCN suspect. The overall prevalence of astigmatism was 58% including in 42.1% in the KCN group, 66.7% in the KCN suspect group, and 49.6% in the normal group. Thirty one eyes had high regular astigmatism (>1.5 diopters) including, 17 (54.8%) in the KCN group and 14 (45.2%) in the normal group. Oblique astigmatism was seen in 33 eyes (11%) including 34.2% in the KCN group, 47.6% in the KCN suspect group, and 4.6% in the normal group.Conclusion: Relatives of KCN patients have a high prevalence of undiagnosed KCN. Corneal topography is very important for the diagnosis of KCN and KCN suspects in family members of KCN patiens. Therefore, keratorefractive surgery should be considered cautiously in these individuals.

Introduction: Aphasia is a common manifestation of stroke and evaluation of relationships of aphasia and brain topography could lead to better understanding of cognitive neurophysiology. Methods: 100 stroke patients with aphasia admitted in Valie-Asr hospital, Khorasan since April 2003 were enrolled in this prospective cross-sectional study. Diagnosis of stroke and aphasia was made by a neurologist and topography of involved cerebrovascular territories confirmed by topographic maps of brain in CT scan. Results: Global, Broca and Wernicke subtypes of aphasia constituted 52%, 40% and 6% of the cases, respectively. Based on the usual nourishment of Broca and Wernicke areas by anterior and posterior cortical branches of the middle cerebral artery, 79% of Global, 47% of Broca and 50% of Wernicke aphasias had compatible infarct topography. The infarct topography in other cases was not congruent with the involved linguistic areas of their brain. Conclusion: Specific cerebrovascular topography for subtypes of aphasia in stroke patients was not found. The effects of cerebrovascular lesions on linguistic functions are not predictable by their topography in CT scan.

To investigale the topographic changes in the cornea after scleral buckling and vitrectommy. A prospective study was conducted. Thses changes were analyzed based on the type of surgical procedures performed. Design of this study was observational prospective case series. 49 eyes from 48 patients were stratified into four groups based on the type of surgical procedures performed. 10 underwent local buckling (group A), 9 underwent vitrectomy (group B), 18 underwent vitrectomy with encircling (group C) and 12 underwent encircling with additional segmental buckling (group D). These eyes underwent keratometry and videokeratography examinations before surgery as well as at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. No statistical significance was observed in the amounts of the induced corneal astigmatism and the refractive cylinder among the four groups. There was statistical significance in the amount’s of the spherical equivalent among the four groups as well as based on the status of the lens(phakia and aphakia)after local buckling (group A). Statistical significance was observed in the amounts of the induced corneal astigmatism before surgery and 6 months after surgery. There was statistical significance in the amounts of the spherical equivalent before surgery and 6 months after surgery among the B, C and D groups as well as based on the status of the lens (phakia and aphakia). After local or additional segmental buckling (groups A and D), corneal steepening, which corresponded to the buckle occurred at a high incidence. After vitrectomy (group B) corneal steepening, which correspond to the scleral sutures occurred that than changed to central steepening over time. After vitrectomy with eneircling (group C) similar changes bbserved but done changed to central steepening over time such corneal changes persisted for up to 6 months in an irregular and asymmetric configuration. Corneal video keratography is a useful tool for evaluationg the post operative corneal curvature. All four types of surgery were found to produce prolonged irregular and asymmetric corneal shape changes, where as the patterns of the changes differed depending on the surgical procedures used.